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General practice recruitment aswell as A&E 12 month follow up.

Sometimes patients who have strong pain and take regular morphine or oxycodone (opioid drugs) to treat their pain, experience times when pain breaks through the normal control provided by regular doses of pain medication. This is called breakthrough pain. Usually, extra doses of morphine or oxycodone, called breakthrough doses, are prescribed to treat this pain. The dose of breakthrough medication that will have the best chance of relieving your pain, together with the least chance of causing unwanted side effects, is not known with certainty. Presently doctors determines the dose, by calculating each dose as a percent of the daily dose of regular pain medication. The calculated percent varies between doctors, we do not know if any calculated percent is better or worse than another percent. The purpose of this research study is to determine if there is a breakthrough dose calculation better for breakthrough pain and with fewer side effects. Who can participate in this study? Anyone over 18 years of age taking regular opioid medication for pain and who has taken at least one breakthrough dose in the last 7 days. You will then be provided with six doses of oral morphine or oxycodone solution (depending on your usual medication) to use when you have breakthrough pain over the 28 day study period.You will take a total of 3 different strengths of medication over the 6 doses. You can be assured that you will take a dose of medication that would normally be expected to give relief each time. Each dose will be individually packed and is a complete dose in itself. Each time you need a breakthrough dose for pain, for the first occurrence of pain for the day you will be asked to take one of the doses supplied by the study. After each study dose taken, you will need to answer some questions about your pain and other symptoms four times in the records packed with the doses. You will be in the study until all 6 study doses have been taken, for up to 28 days. During that time you will be contacted by telephone by the study nurse each week.

Aromatherapy essential oils were applied topically over a 28 day period to determine their efficacy in modulating immune alterations, including those associated with smoking; and to determine if they form a safe and well-tolerated treatment.

Calcium and magnesium in the form of a specific mineral supplement will reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome by 20% after 4 months of daily use. This calcium and magnesium supplement used in conjunction with a combination of micronutrients in the form of a specific multi vitamin, mineral and herbal tablet will reduce the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome by 30 % after 4 months of daily use.The study also seeks to compare differences in bone densitometry parameters in women with and women without PMS. To achieve this aim 2 cohorts of subjects will be enrolled, Cohort A will be an initial enrolment of 180 women with self-report of PMS. (This number will allow for 30% exclusion due to insufficient premenstrual symptom score at visit 2). Cohort B will be an enrolment of 40 women who do not have PMS after assessment with Menstrual Health Questionnaire (This number will allow for 50% exclusion/drop out at visit 2).